Which of the following factors is likely to contribute to academic underachievement among lower social classes?

Limited resources and networks are a critical factor contributing to academic underachievement among lower social classes. Students from these backgrounds often face challenges such as inadequate access to educational materials, technology, and stable learning environments. Limited financial resources can restrict their ability to participate in extracurricular activities that enhance learning and social skills. Furthermore, these students may not have the same level of support from family and community networks, which can provide mentorship, academic encouragement, and knowledge of the pathways to higher education.

Additionally, the social networks available to lower social classes may not include individuals with experience in higher education or professional careers, which can limit aspirations and reduce awareness of opportunities. This lack of access and support can hinder their academic performance and overall educational outcomes, reinforcing cycles of disadvantage.

Conversely, access to extracurricular activities, higher levels of parental education, and increased focus on college readiness generally bolster educational outcomes rather than detract from them. These factors are typically associated with better academic achievement and greater opportunities for students.